Tuesday, April 26, 2016

Difficulties of integrating into Hong Kong society –Taking actions to build up a harmonious society with ethnic minorities.

Difficulties of integrating into Hong Kong society –Taking actions to build up a harmonious society with ethnic minorities.

Thanks to Hong Kong’s historical background and immigration issue, it is a society combined with different races, religions and nationalities. With more than forty-five hundred thousand ethnic minorities living in Hong Kong, the deep-rooted problem of their integration has raised a significant amount of controversy (Census and Statistics Department, 2011). Ethnic minorities have various cultural background and living styles when comparing Hong Kong Chinese. This type of problems has caused a wide variety of misunderstanding and discrimination among ethnic minorities living in Hong Kong. According to research, almost half of the ethnic minority interviewees felt that they were discriminated as second-class citizens. Apart from that they also felt being discriminated against daily activities, namely: shopping and opening personal bank account (Department Social Work of The Chinese University of Hong Kong(CUHK), 2005). Seemingly, ethnic minorities in Hong Kong are facing three crucial issues, ranging from inadequate understanding of Hong Kong culture and social services, the discrimination from local citizens to insufficient mastery of Chinese language. Only if the government setting up various methods, namely: implementing comprehensive settlement support program and establishing mentorship program can this program be tackled in the foreseeable future.

It cannot be denied that the one of the crucial problems facing by ethnic minority immigrants is the inadequate understanding of Hong Kong culture and social service. As most of the ethnic immigrants were lived at Southeast Asian before they came to Hong Kong. Representing their cultural background and living style are different when to compare to local citizens. They celebrate their festivals and believes in different religions, at which the ethnic minorities are not able to experience and integrate into the mainstream local culture. Also, with the insufficient understanding towards social services, they are not able to seek assistances when facing problems. According to research, ninety percent out of 141 interviewees did not ask for help from the government and non-government organizations before (Caritas, 2010). The reason behind might because of unawareness of the service and lack of local connection. Those problems result in a slow integration of ethnic immigrant in our society, causing culturally exclusion and failure in building up their sense of belonging to our society.

Seemingly, the next problem to be noted here is the discrimination from local citizens. This issue can be separated into two perspectives –employment and daily discrimination. For employment discrimination, a survey shows that ethnic minorities felt that their ethnicity determines their job development and payments (Department Social Work of CUHK, 2005). From ethnic minorities’ personal experience, they will easily fail to get a job even they were more qualified than other competitors, at which the reason behind might related to racial discrimination. For daily discrimination, the same survey shows that racial discrimination most commonly happens in their daily activities including shopping and working. Taking workplace as an example, the ethnic employees are discriminated by their employers, at which they might have more duties but with fewer payments (Caritas, 2010). Those problems result in unequal among different racial, festering the unharmonious social phenomenon and racial discrimination.

    Apart from the problems of insufficient understanding of Hong Kong culture and discrimination from local citizens, the final problem to be noted here is the inadequate mastery of Chinese language. A report suggests that most of the South Asians found difficulties in learning Cantonese speaking for daily conversation. At the same time, South Asians students are not able to be familiar with the Chinese language, which is a crucial subject for further study in Hong Kong (Centre for Civil Society and Governance, 2011). Another report shows that the Chinese proficiency of ethnic minority students aged between 12 and 23 is almost the same level as the primary school one student (Oxfam, 2014). Due to their insufficient Chinese standard, the chance for pursuing higher education qualifications and future career development will be limited to ethnic minorities. At which will causing the problem of cross-generation poverty and widening the wealth gap among our society, because of the inadequate chance to complete for university education.
It cannot be denied that this is our responsibility to nurture an equal and harmonious society. It is hard to imagine how society is operating smoothly if the ethnic immigrants are failed in integrating to our community. Therefore, the following suggestions should be implemented by the Hong Kong government so as to tackling the problem from its roots.

Integrating ethnic immigrants in our society, the comprehensive settlement support program should provide by the government for ethnic minorities before they go into our community, to cope with the problem of inadequate understanding of Hong Kong culture and mastery of Chinese language. This idea is borrowed from South Korea Government, aiming to integrate North Korean refugees into their mainstream society. The government should operate institutions that provide housing and basic education for the immigrants for few weeks to few months. The training could mainly focus on language and cultural teaching. For the adult, vocational training, psychological counseling, social service briefing and career-aptitude test can also be included in the training (Cho and Kim, 2011). After the training, the institution should connect the ethnic immigrant to potential employers. The ethnic minorities will be empowered to sustain their life with own ability after engaging in the mainstream society (Cho and Kim, 2011). For students, more Chinese academic courses and after-school tutorial classes should be provided, so as to narrowing the Chinese learning gap between ethnic minorities’ students and local students. These suggestions are expected to equip ethnic minorities with enough understanding towards Hong Kong community. At which, this policy might reduce their pressure when facing a new living environment and increasing their integration and sense of belonging to our society.

Apart from the training, the government should implement the mentorship program for ethnic immigrants, to provide assistances when they are facing problems (Cho and Kim, 2011). It is suggested that the government should recruit some local citizens as their mentors, who are required to introduce Hong Kong and provide basic assistance to their mentees. By inviting residents to be their mentor, more chance will be provided for them to build up mutual understanding and trust, helping the immigrant to build up their local network and reduce the problem racial discrimination from the local citizen.

To sum up, it is time for us to rethink and reflect on ourselves that how an equal treatment is critical to our society. The government should take the lead to integrate ethnic minorities into our society, while we should take our initiative to accept and tolerance them, so as to leading a harmonious society with ethnic minorities.

Reference:

Caritas Community Centre (2010). Survey on working condition of South Asians in Hong Kong. Retrieved April 9, 2016 from, Web site:  http://klncc.caritas.org.hk/private/document/633.pdf

Census and Statistics Department (2011). Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities. Retrieved April 9, 2016 from Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Web site: http://www.census2011.gov.hk/pdf/EM.pdf
Centre for Civil Society and Governance, The University of Hong Kong (2011). Study on Racial Encounters and Discrimination Experienced by South Asians. EOC Research Reports, 1-6.
Cho, D. and Kim, Y. (2011). A study on settlement service for North Korean defectors. Journal of Korean Public Police and Security Studies, 8 (2), 25-50.

Department of Social Work (2005). Survey Results on Racial Discrimination in Hong Kong. Retrieved April 9, 2016 from The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Social Work Web site: http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/cpr/pressrelease/051028e.htm


Oxfam Hong Kong (2014). Survey on the Chinese Learning Challenges South Asian Ethnic Minority Kindergarten Students from Low-Income Families Face. Retrieved April 9, 2016 from, Web site: http://www.oxfam.org.hk/filemgr/2639/Oxfam_Surveyon_Dec2.pdf

從基督教與中國文化的差異看孝道古今變遷-祭祖習俗

從基督教與中國文化的差異看孝道古今變遷-祭祖習俗

孟懿子問孝。曰:「生事之以禮;死葬之以禮,祭之以禮。」[1],自古以來拜祭祖先都是中國人的傳統習俗,祭祖對中國人而言是尋根溯源,尋求人由何處而來。[2]所謂「百行以孝為先,孔子認為我們可以從「孝養」、「孝敬」、「孝順」及「孝承」四方面實踐孝道。[3]《禮記》祭義有云:「大孝尊親,其次弗辱,其下能養」[4],在父母健在時要尊敬他們,在他們死後要祭祀他們,是最高層次的孝,可見敬祖和祭祖對中國社會而言意義重大,它不但展示中國人崇尚孝道的美德,同時展現出道德價值對社會教化作用。[5]例如曾子有云:慎終追遠,民德歸厚矣。[6]不過自天主教基督教傳入中國後,中國的祭祖問題一直受到西方傳教士的質疑,成為中國人皈依基督教的重大障礙,同時亦造成信仰與行孝之間的衝突。本人雖然並非一位基督徒,但是有感認為祭祖對於華人基督教教會而言是一個不可忽視的重要議題。如果基督教信仰及傳統中國文化之間可取得平衡,相信是基督教在現代中國社會發展的重大里程碑。在以下的文章中,本人將首先討論中國祭祖文化的作用及習俗;再討論基督教聖經中反對偶像崇拜的原因及理據;再探討基督教中國祭祖文化相遇時產生的衝突;在最後從教會及信徒兩方面,提出兩者應該如何在當代社會下互相磨合,取得平衡。

針對祭祖文化的作用方面。從儒家思想角度出發,中國的祭祖有作培養孝德及尊敬祖先的傳統美德。[7]孔子儒家思想及中國文化的萬世師表,他有見夏商周之時祭祖主要以功利主義為主導,祈求福報及保佑,希望祖先給予在位的君王權力及統治的名份,並且保佑其繼承人可以順利登基。[8]孔子認為這樣的祭祖文化,側重於利用神通力管治國家,認為這些是怪力亂神的看法,十分迷信。[9]孔子背後的想法是統治者的品格比血統更為重要。他在《論語》雍也云:「仁者,己欲立而立人,己欲達而達人」[10]他認為祭祖的目的不在追求神靈保佑,更在於慎終追遠,教化人民,以禮治國。[11]孔子認為孝悌之情是每個人與生俱來的,父母對子女的愛是無條件的,因而子女必須在有能力的時候對父母作出回饋,關懷、照顧和尊敬他們。實踐孝道是仁及五倫的根本。[12]以孝為始點,可以逐漸衍生其他德行,包括義、禮、智和信。[13]從以上可見孔子並沒有反對人們祭祖,但他認為我們必須改變以往祭祖以祈求保佑的心態。在他的角度而言,我們遵守祭禮是為了實踐道德,成為一個仁者。從最基本的人倫關係開始實踐孝道,繼而有能力實踐其他人倫道德責任做到「君君、臣臣、父父、子子」,從而強化血緣家族的聯繫,鞏固封建社會的穩定性。[14]

其次針對中國祭祖文化的習俗方面,我們會從神壇祭祀、墓地祭祀二方面作分析。首先針對神壇祭祀,這是一種家祭的禮儀。祭祀者會在家中設置神壇,擺放祖先的牌位和香爐。[15]多數人是每天都會進行拜祭儀式,例如在早上會為牌位奉上三支香。而在勞格文的田野考察中,他發現另一種的神壇祭祀。有些神靈會被稱作「伯公」,通常為岩石、田野、樹木和橋樑之神,一些市民會把體質較差的男女小孩立契過繼給這些神靈,或者觀音菩薩。在這些情況下這些給神明收養的小孩和父母每年也必須跟孩子一起到指定神壇祭祀他們的養父養母,而廣東省陽山縣的榕樹上契便是其中一例。[16]

其次是墓地祭祀,這是指每年在清明節重陽節祭祖的習俗。每年農曆三及九月,天朗氣清的日子均可以進行掃墓。祭祖前,人們會為先人準備食物、衣紙和祭品。中國人認為祭祖是與先人及親人重聚的機會,因此對這項祭祀甚為重視,從王維《九月九日憶山東兄弟》:「獨在異鄉為異客,每逢佳節倍思親。遙知兄弟登高處,遍插茱萸少一人。」[17]一詩中可見,作者因為無法與家人一起祭祖而感到失落,凸顯出中國人祭祀祖先,不單單是為了追憶故人,更是家族成員團聚的機會,同時展示我們對祭祖文化的重視。

基督教中國祭祖文化產生衝突的主要原因,在於基督教反對偶像崇拜。以下本文將會從兩方面解釋基督教反對偶像崇拜的原因及其理據。在《聖經》中記載,多次表明人類不能拜祭其他假及偶像,而當中《聖經》中的「十誡」最為大家所認識。 在「出埃及記》中記載,十誡中的第四及第五條均反對世人崇拜其他偶像,當中指出我們:「不可以為自己雕刻偶像、也不可以做甚麼形像,彷彿天上、和地下、水中的百物」[18],以及「不可跪拜那些像、也不可事奉他、因為我耶和華你的神是忌邪的、恨我的、我必追討他的罪、自父及子、直到三四代」。[19]以上的《聖經》經文及其他篇章均指出:是世界上唯一值得我們敬拜的真,因為是萬物的創造按照自己的模樣創造我們,賜予我們生命。但是根據《聖經》記載人類在歷史上多次違反對我們的命令和要求,例如摩西訂立十誡時人們在山下崇拜金牛。[20]人們崇拜其他偶像的主要原因,是因為人們沒有足夠的智慧,對的沒有足夠的信心。他們受到魔鬼的誘惑,帶領他們崇拜其他的偶像,令人們無法拉近與的關係。上帝摩西訂立十誡希望規範我們的生活,令我們做適當的事,不要受到撒但的誘惑,不會違反的命令,最終在天國得到的庇佑。

唐朝唐太宗時代,管治階層對國外的文化持開放態度, 包括景教在內的異族宗教相繼傳入中國,並且受到唐太宗的款待,令大秦景教通行唐朝。不過當時中國的祭祖文化仍然在發展階段,祭祀對象和內容十分多元化,但並非社會主流風氣 ,而且當時中國儒家思想尚未出現,因此對整體社會沒有很大的認受性和影響,故祭祖文化與景教之間的衝突不算明顯。[21]

明清朝代期間天主教傳入中國,與祭祖文化相遇時產生很大的衝突,造成「禮儀之爭」的問題。在公元一零七四年,耶穌會修士范禮安中國傳教,當時他已經發現祭祖文化與基督教反對拜偶像的文化有很大的衝突。不過以利瑪竇為首的傳教士與儒家學者進行跨信仰的對話,並且研讀中國傳統經典,同意傳統儒家解釋祭祖的說法,最終決定使用儒家調適法,希望調和祭祖與基督教文化的衝突。[22]他們明白中國的祭祖文化有尊天敬祖的意思,而且認為祭禮只有社會性的意思,而利瑪竇更認為傳統儒家思想的「天」其實與基督教的「上帝」均是指著一位超越人格化的,兩者不互相排斥。[23]同時,中國人祭祖不但只是祭祀自己的父母和祖先,更會有祭的儀式。從先生的角度出發,中國祭天的儀式便是祭祀基督教上帝。這群修士主張當時中國平民百姓祭祖的觀念是不正確的,因為當中沾染了迷信及宗教的色彩,但他們同意祭祖同時亦有倫理、道德、政治和社會價值元素。而且,他們認為在傳教初期要對當地文化有寬容的態度,等待信徒人數上升再糾正世人的錯誤,從以解決祭祖與基督教之間的矛盾。[24]因此,耶穌會修士同意中國基督徒參與祭祖及祭孔的儀式,但同時設立一些守則,減少祭祖時的宗教元素。

在另一邊廂,道明會方濟會中國祭祖採取移置詮釋法,他們分割了屬靈生活與人類文化,反對中國的祭祖習俗。[25]在他們的眼中《聖經》文化啟示是賜給人類的,是神聖的;人類的文化則充滿人本主義,是屬於撒但的產物,而中國的祭祖則是人類的文明產物,當中充斥着封建思想、迷信、宗教儀式和偶像崇拜,而背後的主導是為了追求個人的利益和祈求福報,與聖經啟示性的內容,對我們的要求根本是背道而馳,因此主張中國的基督徒不應參與祭祖行為。[26]兩個修會之間的爭議,在其後的發展中從本土層面引申到國際層面。在公元一六三九年,道明會耶穌會調適法提出挑戰,並且在羅馬教廷指控耶穌會違反聖經中的誡命,允許中國基督徒崇拜偶像。然而,耶穌會相信他們對中國祭祖文化的詮釋,認同祭祖慎終追遠及行孝的元素,反指基督教中國祭祖文化並沒有衝突。[27]這個議題在其後發展到中國羅馬教廷之間的衝突,因為羅馬教廷立令禁止中國基督徒祭祖,這個消息震驚中國康熙皇帝,令部分反對祭祖文化的傳教士在中國宣教的活動被迫中止。最後羅馬教廷認為傳教士要因應不同的處境判斷是否允許教徒祭祖,其規條必須有彈性而且因地制宜,不能使用同一尺度限制所有祭祖行為,當中矛盾才能解決。[28]因此可見,在中國祭祖文化與基督教教義之間取得平衡,是基督教中國本土化中的一大議題。

在以上部分,本文討論了中國傳統祭祖的習俗文化,以及基督教與祭祖文化之間產生的衝突。雖然有部分持份者認為兩者有根本性的衝突;然而,亦有傳教士認為兩者並不互相抵觸,大家應採取同情地理解的態度接受其他文化。而本人亦十分同意以上說法,在以下部分將會從教會及信徒兩方面集中討論當今中國社會中基督教與祭祖文化該如何取得平衡。

首先在教會方面,本人認為教會應該採用利瑪竇調適法,對中國的祭祖行維持開放的態度,同情地理解傳統中國文化。第一:雖然基督教主張世界由所創造,而我們是的兒。但從中國人的角度出發,基督教並非源於中國,我們有自己的文化傳統,自己的祖先。教會雖然可以傳播他們相信的基督教的思想,但不應該否定傳統的中國文化精神的價值。例如道明會方濟會對祭祖問題上便因為偏見和執著以及文化及宗教的優越感,而否定中國的文化千百年來文明發展的精髓。[29]第二: 祭祖的原意是為了紀念和祭祀祖先,從而做到社教化的作用,令社會道德水平得以提升,做到「慎終追遠,民德歸厚」的效果。[30]部分宗教儀式及迷信行為是受後外來宗教文化的扭曲,例如加入道教的破地獄以及佛教的燒香行為,造成基督教修士所見的自然崇拜、亡靈崇拜和神祇崇拜等行為。[31]不過對於中國人而言,祭祖根本是一個公民禮儀,在大部分情況下只具有社會性的意義,是中國人的風俗習慣而並非宗教行為。[32]第三:基督教教會可以針對現時中國祭祖中的宗教行為對教友進行規範,不必反對整個祭祖傳統。部分祭祀祖先的行為,例如在清明節掃墓,及在重陽節登山記念祖先等行為,因為背後不涉及宗教元素,因此教會可以允許教友進行;相反,一些爭議課題,例如「做七」儀式、燒香、燒衣紙以及利用風水玄學尋找風水寶地建立墓地等等行為,則涉及玄學佛家、及道家宗教儀式,並且有賄賂鬼魂、亡靈以及靈界權勢等等問題,教會最應該提醒教友當中的問題,並表明教會不建議以上祭祖行為的立場。[33]因而,在信仰與行孝之間其實可取得平衡,故基督教教會應接納利瑪竇調適法,容許中國信徒進行祭祖。

針對中國信徒方面,他們作為中華民族的一份子,有承傳傳統文化的責任,不應該受到國外文化的影響便放棄自己的傳統。中國文化與基督教文化最大的差異在於中國文化是「人」為中心的文化,我們關心的不是生活的自然界物質秩序是怎樣,或怎樣控制物質世界的問題。我們希望腳踏實地個一個現世、美好而理想人生,擁有-重人的精神[34];而基督教則以「」為中心,因為他們相信神創造人類,故人類是低階於的,而他們十分重視怎樣去贖罪和拉近與的關係。針對祭祖的問題上,信徒應該保持原有的祭祀習俗,對我們的父母或祖先對他們實行孝道,例如父母在身時要求在他們過身後需要燒衣紙給他們或父母報夢予子女要求他們燒衣紙時,子女們也需要進行這個對宗教儀式的習俗,以減低父母的心理壓力。但同時,在可行的情況下須減低祭祖時的宗教元素,例如破地獄、燒香及邀請道士進行法事等,但遇到無可避免的情況下,亦要尊重中國的傳統文化,包容傳統習俗。

總括而言,中國的祭祖文化和基督教的反偶像崇拜規條,這兩種價值對現代社會均有其價值。中國傳統祭祖文化是中華文化發展的精髓;基督教的條約則是和人之間的契約,對基督徒而言十分神聖。在當代社會下,我們要做的並不非否定其中一者,而是結合兩種不同的價值觀,取其所長及精神。我們更要抱著同情的理解的態度,對不同價值觀予以尊重的態度,從而承傳中華文化並同時堅守和人之間的契約。

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參考文獻︰
1.        孔子,楊伯峻,楊逢彬註譯︰《論語》長沙︰岳麓書社,2000年。
2.        何誠斌︰《古詩精選》蘭州︰甘肅文化出版社,2002年。
3.        呂友仁,呂詠梅譯註︰《禮記全譯》貴陽︰貴州人民出版社,2009年。
4.        宗樹人、夏龍、魏克利︰《中國人的宗教生活》香港︰香港大學出版社,2014年。
5.        邢福增,梁家麟合著︰《中國祭祖問題》。香港 : 建道神學院基督敎與中國文化硏究中心,1997年。
6.        陳耀南︰《孝道・心》。香港︰基督敎文藝出版社,1999年。
7.        麥兆輝︰《尊天敬宗 當代華人基督徒對祭祖的回應》香港︰浸信會出版社有限公司,2008年。
8.        楊克勤︰《祭祖的迷思 修辭與跨文化詮釋的回應》香港︰基督教文藝出版社,1996年。
9.        賴德烈著,雷立柏等譯︰《基督教在華傳教史》香港︰道風書社,2009
10.     麥兆輝︰《忠考兩全 當代華人基督徒祭祖實用指引》。香港︰浸信會出版有限公司,2008年。
11.     鄺鋭強︰《倫理道德觀》香港︰香港教育圖書公司,2009年。



[1] 孔子,楊伯峻,楊逢彬註譯︰《論語》(長沙︰岳麓書社,2000年),頁9
[2] 鄺鋭強︰《倫理道德觀》(香港︰香港教育圖書公司,2009年),頁42-43
[3] 同前註,45
[4] 呂友仁,呂詠梅譯註︰《禮記全譯》(貴陽︰貴州人民出版社,2009年),頁665
[5] 鄺鋭強︰《倫理道德觀》,頁44-51
[6] 孔子,楊伯峻,楊逢彬註譯︰《論語》,頁4
[7] 麥兆輝︰《尊天敬宗 當代華人基督徒對祭祖的回應》(香港︰浸信會出版社有限公司,2008年),頁30-32
[8] 同前註,頁30-32
[9] 同前註,頁30-32
[10] 孔子,楊伯峻,楊逢彬註譯︰《論語》,頁57-58
[11] 同前註,頁30-32
[12] 鄺鋭強︰《倫理道德觀》,頁63
[13] 同前註,頁8-9
[14] 同前註,頁23
[15] 麥兆輝︰《尊天敬宗 當代華人基督徒對祭祖的回應》,頁76
[16] 宗樹人、夏龍、魏克利︰《中國人的宗教生活》(香港︰香港大學出版社,2014年),頁35-37
[17] 何誠斌︰《古詩精選》(蘭州︰甘肅文化出版社,2002年),頁22
[18] 楊克勤︰《祭祖的迷思 修辭與跨文化詮釋的回應》(香港︰基督教文藝出版社,1996年),頁35-41
[19] 同前註,頁35-41
[20] 同前註,頁35-41
[21] 麥兆輝︰《尊天敬宗 當代華人基督徒對祭祖的回應》頁91-105
[22] 同前註,頁108
[23]麥兆輝︰《尊天敬宗 當代華人基督徒對祭祖的回應》,頁108-115
[24]同前註,頁103
[25]楊克勤︰《祭祖的迷思 修辭與跨文化詮釋的回應》,頁24-27
[26]同前註,頁24-27
[27]麥兆輝︰《尊天敬宗 當代華人基督徒對祭祖的回應》,頁128-129
[28]同前註,頁126-127
[29]麥兆輝︰《尊天敬宗 當代華人基督徒對祭祖的回應》,頁231
[30]鄺鋭強︰《倫理道德觀》,頁44-51
[31]賴德烈著,雷立柏等譯︰《基督教在華傳教史》(香港︰道風書社,2009年),頁115
[32]同前註,頁115-116
[33]麥兆輝︰《尊天敬宗 當代華人基督徒對祭祖的回應》,頁231
[34]鄺鋭強︰《倫理道德觀》,頁63。及
 麥兆輝︰《忠考兩全 當代華人基督徒祭祖實用指引》(香港︰浸信會出版有限公司,2008年),頁50-57